Oceania · Horse racing
Horse Racing Tracks in Australia
Australia has 422 active racecourses: 363 flat, 15 jumps and 64 harness. New South Wales has the most, with 140. Famous races include the Melbourne Cup at Flemington Racecourse, the W. S. Cox Plate at Moonee Valley Racecourse and The Everest at Royal Randwick Racecourse.
422Racecourses363Flat15Jumps64Harness8Regions
422 shown
Australian Capital Territory (2)
- Canberra Harness Racing (EPIC)Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
- Canberra Racecourse (Thoroughbred Park)Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
New South Wales (140)
- Adaminaby RacecourseAdaminaby, New South Wales
- Albury RacecourseAlbury, New South Wales
- Ardlethan RacecourseArdlethan, New South Wales
- Armidale Harness Racing status unconfirmedArmidale, New South Wales
- Armidale RacecourseArmidale, New South Wales
- Ballina RacecourseBallina, New South Wales
- Balranald RacecourseBalranald, New South Wales
- Bankstown PacewayBankstown, New South Wales
- Barraba RacecourseBarraba, New South Wales
- Bathurst PacewayBathurst, New South Wales
- Bathurst RacecourseBathurst, New South Wales
- Bedgerabong RacecourseBedgerabong, New South Wales
- Berrigan RacecourseBerrigan, New South Wales
- Bingara RacecourseBingara, New South Wales
- Binnaway RacecourseBinnaway, New South Wales
- Bombala RacecourseBombala, New South Wales
- Bong Bong RacecourseBowral, New South Wales
- Boorowa RacecourseBoorowa, New South Wales
- Bourke RacecourseBourke, New South Wales
- Braidwood RacecourseBraidwood, New South Wales
- Brewarrina RacecourseBrewarrina, New South Wales
- Broken Hill RacecourseBroken Hill, New South Wales
- Bulli PacewayBulli, New South Wales
- Bundarra RacecourseBundarra, New South Wales
- Canterbury Park RacecourseSydney, New South Wales
- Carinda RacecourseCarinda, New South Wales
- Carrathool RacecourseCarrathool, New South Wales
- Casino RacecourseCasino, New South Wales
- Cessnock Racecourse (Wine Country RC)Cessnock, New South Wales
- Clarence River Jockey Club (Grafton)Grafton, New South Wales
- Cobar RacecourseCobar, New South Wales
- Coffs Harbour RacecourseCoffs Harbour, New South Wales
- Collarenebri RacecourseCollarenebri, New South Wales
- Come-By-Chance RacecourseCome-By-Chance, New South Wales
- Condobolin RacecourseCondobolin, New South Wales
- Cooma RacecourseCooma, New South Wales
- Coonabarabran RacecourseCoonabarabran, New South Wales
- Coonamble RacecourseCoonamble, New South Wales
- Cootamundra RacecourseCootamundra, New South Wales
- Corowa RacecourseCorowa, New South Wales
- Cowra RacecourseCowra, New South Wales
- Crookwell RacecourseCrookwell, New South Wales
- Deepwater RacecourseDeepwater, New South Wales
- Deniliquin RacecourseDeniliquin, New South Wales
- Dubbo PacewayDubbo, New South Wales
- Dubbo RacecourseDubbo, New South Wales
- Duck Creek Picnic Racecourse status unconfirmedNyngan district, New South Wales
- Enngonia RacecourseEnngonia, New South Wales
- Forbes RacecourseForbes, New South Wales
- Geurie RacecourseGeurie, New South Wales
- Gilgandra RacecourseGilgandra, New South Wales
- Glen Innes RacecourseGlen Innes, New South Wales
- Gosford RacecourseGosford, New South Wales
- Goulburn PacewayGoulburn, New South Wales
- Goulburn RacecourseGoulburn, New South Wales
- Grenfell RacecourseGrenfell, New South Wales
- Griffith RacecourseGriffith, New South Wales
- Gulargambone RacecourseGulargambone, New South Wales
- Gulgong RacecourseGulgong, New South Wales
- Gundagai RacecourseGundagai, New South Wales
- Gunnedah RacecourseGunnedah, New South Wales
- Harden RacecourseHarden, New South Wales
- Hawkesbury RacecourseClarendon, New South Wales
- Hay RacecourseHay, New South Wales
- Hillston RacecourseHillston, New South Wales
- Holbrook RacecourseHolbrook, New South Wales
- Inverell Harness Racing status unconfirmedInverell, New South Wales
- Inverell RacecourseInverell, New South Wales
- Jerilderie RacecourseJerilderie, New South Wales
- Junee PacewayJunee, New South Wales
- Kembla Grange RacecourseWollongong, New South Wales
- Kempsey RacecourseKempsey, New South Wales
- Leeton PacewayLeeton, New South Wales
- Leeton RacecourseLeeton, New South Wales
- Lightning Ridge RacecourseLightning Ridge, New South Wales
- Lismore RacecourseLismore, New South Wales
- Lockhart RacecourseLockhart, New South Wales
- Louth RacecourseLouth, New South Wales
- Maitland PacewayMaitland, New South Wales
- Mallawa Picnic Racecourse status unconfirmedMallawa, New South Wales
- Marthaguy Picnic Racecourse status unconfirmedQuambone district, New South Wales
- Mendooran RacecourseMendooran, New South Wales
- Merriwa Racecourse status unconfirmedMerriwa, New South Wales
- Moree RacecourseMoree, New South Wales
- Moruya RacecourseMoruya, New South Wales
- Moulamein RacecourseMoulamein, New South Wales
- Mudgee RacecourseMudgee, New South Wales
- Mungindi RacecourseMungindi, New South Wales
- Murwillumbah Racecourse (Tweed River JC)Murwillumbah, New South Wales
- Muswellbrook RacecourseMuswellbrook, New South Wales
- Nambucca River RacecourseMacksville, New South Wales
- Narrabri RacecourseNarrabri, New South Wales
- Narrandera RacecourseNarrandera, New South Wales
- Narromine RacecourseNarromine, New South Wales
- Newcastle PacewayNewcastle, New South Wales
- Newcastle Racecourse (Broadmeadow)Newcastle, New South Wales
- Nowra Racecourse (Shoalhaven City TC)Nowra, New South Wales
- Nyngan RacecourseNyngan, New South Wales
- Orange Racecourse (Towac Park)Orange, New South Wales
- Parkes PacewayParkes, New South Wales
- Parkes RacecourseParkes, New South Wales
- Peak Hill Harness Racing status unconfirmedPeak Hill, New South Wales
- Penrith PacewayPenrith, New South Wales
- Pooncarie RacecoursePooncarie, New South Wales
- Port Macquarie RacecoursePort Macquarie, New South Wales
- Queanbeyan RacecourseQueanbeyan, New South Wales
- Quirindi RacecourseQuirindi, New South Wales
- Riverina PacewayWagga Wagga, New South Wales
- Rosehill Gardens RacecourseSydney, New South Wales
- Royal Randwick RacecourseSydney, New South Wales
- Sapphire Coast RacecourseBega, New South Wales
- Scone Racecourse (White Park)Scone, New South Wales
- Tabcorp Park MenangleMenangle Park, New South Wales
- Tabulam RacecourseTabulam, New South Wales
- Talmoi Picnic RacecourseGarah, New South Wales
- Tamworth PacewayTamworth, New South Wales
- Tamworth RacecourseTamworth, New South Wales
- Taree Racecourse (Manning Valley)Taree, New South Wales
- Temora Paceway status unconfirmedTemora, New South Wales
- Tocumwal RacecourseTocumwal, New South Wales
- Tottenham RacecourseTottenham, New South Wales
- Trangie Racecourse (Macquarie Picnic RC)Trangie, New South Wales
- Tullibigeal RacecourseTullibigeal, New South Wales
- Tumbarumba RacecourseTumbarumba, New South Wales
- Tumut RacecourseTumut, New South Wales
- Tuncurry RacecourseTuncurry, New South Wales
- Wagga Wagga Racecourse (Murrumbidgee TC)Wagga Wagga, New South Wales
- Walcha RacecourseWalcha, New South Wales
- Walgett RacecourseWalgett, New South Wales
- Warialda RacecourseWarialda, New South Wales
- Warren RacecourseWarren, New South Wales
- Warwick Farm RacecourseSydney, New South Wales
- Wauchope RacecourseWauchope, New South Wales
- Wean Picnic RacecourseWean (Gunnedah), New South Wales
- Wellington RacecourseWellington, New South Wales
- Wentworth RacecourseWentworth, New South Wales
- Wyong RacecourseWyong, New South Wales
- Yass RacecourseYass, New South Wales
- Young PacewayYoung, New South Wales
- Young RacecourseYoung, New South Wales
Northern Territory (6)
- Adelaide River Racecourse status unconfirmedAdelaide River, Northern Territory
- Fannie Bay RacecourseDarwin, Northern Territory
- Katherine RacecourseKatherine, Northern Territory
- Pine Creek Racecourse status unconfirmedPine Creek, Northern Territory
- Pioneer Park RacecourseAlice Springs, Northern Territory
- Tennant Creek RacecourseTennant Creek, Northern Territory
Queensland (108)
- Albion Park PacewayBrisbane, Queensland
- Alpha RacecourseAlpha, Queensland
- Aramac RacecourseAramac, Queensland
- Atherton RacecourseAtherton, Queensland
- Augathella RacecourseAugathella, Queensland
- Barcaldine RacecourseBarcaldine, Queensland
- Beaudesert RacecourseBeaudesert, Queensland
- Bedourie RacecourseBedourie, Queensland
- Bell RacecourseBell, Queensland
- Betoota RacecourseBetoota, Queensland
- Birdsville RacecourseBirdsville, Queensland
- Blackall Racecourse (Barcoo Amateur RC)Blackall, Queensland
- Blackwater Racecourse (Bluff-Blackwater ARC)Blackwater, Queensland
- Boulia RacecourseBoulia, Queensland
- Bowen RacecourseBowen, Queensland
- Bundaberg RacecourseBundaberg, Queensland
- Burdekin RacecourseHome Hill, Queensland
- Burrandowan Picnic RacecourseBurrandowan, Queensland
- Cairns Racecourse (Cannon Park)Cairns, Queensland
- Calliope RacecourseCalliope, Queensland
- Charleville Racecourse (Central Warrego RC)Charleville, Queensland
- Charters Towers RacecourseCharters Towers, Queensland
- Chinchilla RacecourseChinchilla, Queensland
- Clermont RacecourseClermont, Queensland
- Clifton RacecourseClifton, Queensland
- Cloncurry RacecourseCloncurry, Queensland
- Cooktown RacecourseCooktown, Queensland
- Corfield RacecourseCorfield, Queensland
- Cunnamulla RacecourseCunnamulla, Queensland
- Dalby RacecourseDalby, Queensland
- Dingo RacecourseDingo, Queensland
- Doomben RacecourseBrisbane, Queensland
- Eagle Farm RacecourseBrisbane, Queensland
- Eidsvold RacecourseEidsvold, Queensland
- Einasleigh RacecourseEinasleigh, Queensland
- Emerald RacecourseEmerald, Queensland
- Esk RacecourseEsk, Queensland
- Ewan RacecourseEwan, Queensland
- Flinton RacecourseFlinton, Queensland
- Gatton Racecourse (Lockyer Valley TC)Gatton, Queensland
- Gayndah RacecourseGayndah, Queensland
- Gladstone RacecourseGladstone, Queensland
- Gold Coast Racecourse (Aquis Park)Bundall, Queensland
- Goondiwindi RacecourseGoondiwindi, Queensland
- Gordonvale RacecourseGordonvale, Queensland
- Gregory Downs RacecourseGregory Downs, Queensland
- Gympie RacecourseGympie, Queensland
- Hughenden RacecourseHughenden, Queensland
- Ilfracombe RacecourseIlfracombe, Queensland
- Ingham Racecourse (Herbert River JC)Ingham, Queensland
- Injune RacecourseInjune, Queensland
- Innisfail RacecourseInnisfail, Queensland
- Ipswich Racecourse (Bundamba)Ipswich, Queensland
- Isisford RacecourseIsisford, Queensland
- Jandowae RacecourseJandowae, Queensland
- Julia Creek RacecourseJulia Creek, Queensland
- Jundah RacecourseJundah, Queensland
- Kilcoy RacecourseKilcoy, Queensland
- Kumbia RacecourseKumbia, Queensland
- Laura RacecourseLaura, Queensland
- Longreach RacecourseLongreach, Queensland
- Mackay Racecourse (Ooralea)Mackay, Queensland
- Marburg Pacing TrackMarburg, Queensland
- Mareeba RacecourseMareeba, Queensland
- Maxwelton RacecourseMaxwelton, Queensland
- McKinlay RacecourseMcKinlay, Queensland
- Middlemount RacecourseMiddlemount, Queensland
- Miles RacecourseMiles, Queensland
- Mitchell Racecourse (Maranoa Diggers RC)Mitchell, Queensland
- Monto RacecourseMonto, Queensland
- Moranbah RacecourseMoranbah, Queensland
- Morven RacecourseMorven, Queensland
- Mount Isa RacecourseMount Isa, Queensland
- Mount Perry RacecourseMount Perry, Queensland
- Moura Racecourse (Dawson JC) status unconfirmedMoura, Queensland
- Mt Garnet RacecourseMount Garnet, Queensland
- Muttaburra RacecourseMuttaburra, Queensland
- Nanango RacecourseNanango, Queensland
- Noorama Picnic RacecourseNoorama, Queensland
- Oak Park RacecourseOak Park (Einasleigh), Queensland
- Oakey RacecourseOakey, Queensland
- Pentland RacecoursePentland, Queensland
- Prairie RacecoursePrairie, Queensland
- Quilpie RacecourseQuilpie, Queensland
- Redcliffe PacewayRedcliffe, Queensland
- Richmond RacecourseRichmond, Queensland
- Rockhampton Racecourse (Callaghan Park)Rockhampton, Queensland
- Roma Racecourse (Bassett Park)Roma, Queensland
- Springsure RacecourseSpringsure, Queensland
- St George RacecourseSt George, Queensland
- Stamford RacecourseStamford, Queensland
- Stanthorpe RacecourseStanthorpe, Queensland
- Sunshine Coast Racecourse (Corbould Park)Caloundra, Queensland
- Surat RacecourseSurat, Queensland
- Talwood RacecourseTalwood, Queensland
- Tambo RacecourseTambo, Queensland
- Tara RacecourseTara, Queensland
- Texas RacecourseTexas, Queensland
- Thangool RacecourseThangool, Queensland
- Toowoomba Racecourse (Clifford Park)Toowoomba, Queensland
- Townsville Racecourse (Cluden Park)Townsville, Queensland
- Twin Hills RacecourseTwin Hills, Queensland
- Wandoan RacecourseWandoan, Queensland
- Warra RacecourseWarra, Queensland
- Warwick Racecourse (Allman Park)Warwick, Queensland
- Winton Racecourse (North Gregory TC)Winton, Queensland
- Wondai Racecourse (South Burnett RC)Wondai, Queensland
- Yeppoon RacecourseYeppoon, Queensland
South Australia (29)
- Balaklava RacecourseBalaklava, South Australia
- Bordertown RacecourseBordertown, South Australia
- Ceduna RacecourseCeduna, South Australia
- Clare RacecourseClare, South Australia
- Gawler Harness RacingGawler, South Australia
- Gawler RacecourseGawler, South Australia
- Globe Derby ParkAdelaide, South Australia
- Hawker RacecourseHawker, South Australia
- Jamestown RacecourseJamestown, South Australia
- Kangaroo Island RacecourseKingscote, South Australia
- Kapunda Harness Racing status unconfirmedKapunda, South Australia
- Lock RacecourseLock, South Australia
- Millicent Racecourse status unconfirmedMillicent, South Australia
- Mindarie-Halidon RacecourseHalidon, South Australia
- Morphettville RacecourseAdelaide, South Australia
- Mount Gambier Harness Racing status unconfirmedMount Gambier, South Australia
- Mount Gambier Racecourse (Allan Scott Park)Glenburnie, South Australia
- Murray Bridge Racecourse (Gifford Hill)Murray Bridge, South Australia
- Naracoorte RacecourseNaracoorte, South Australia
- Oakbank RacecourseOakbank, South Australia
- Penola RacecoursePenola, South Australia
- Penong RacecoursePenong, South Australia
- Port Augusta RacecoursePort Augusta, South Australia
- Port Lincoln RacecoursePort Lincoln, South Australia
- Port Pirie Harness RacingPort Pirie, South Australia
- Quorn RacecourseQuorn, South Australia
- Roxby Downs RacecourseRoxby Downs, South Australia
- Strathalbyn RacecourseStrathalbyn, South Australia
- Streaky Bay RacecourseStreaky Bay, South Australia
Tasmania (7)
- Carrick Park status unconfirmedCarrick, Tasmania
- Devonport Harness Racing (Devonport Showground)Devonport, Tasmania
- Devonport Racecourse (Spreyton)Devonport, Tasmania
- Elwick RacecourseHobart, Tasmania
- Flinders Island Racecourse status unconfirmedWhitemark, Tasmania
- King Island RacecourseCurrie, Tasmania
- Mowbray RacecourseLaunceston, Tasmania
Victoria (85)
- Alexandra RacecourseAlexandra, Victoria
- Ararat Harness RacingArarat, Victoria
- Ararat Racecourse (Ararat Park)Ararat, Victoria
- Avoca RacecourseAvoca, Victoria
- Bairnsdale RacecourseBairnsdale, Victoria
- Ballarat Harness Racing (Ballarat Showgrounds)Ballarat, Victoria
- Ballarat Racecourse (Dowling Forest)Ballarat, Victoria
- Balnarring Picnic RacecourseBalnarring, Victoria
- Benalla RacecourseBenalla, Victoria
- Bendigo RacecourseBendigo, Victoria
- Boort Harness Racing status unconfirmedBoort, Victoria
- Buchan RacecourseBuchan, Victoria
- Burrumbeet RacecourseBurrumbeet, Victoria
- Camperdown RacecourseCamperdown, Victoria
- Casterton RacecourseCasterton, Victoria
- Caulfield RacecourseMelbourne, Victoria
- Charlton Harness RacingCharlton, Victoria
- Cobram Harness RacingCobram, Victoria
- Colac RacecourseColac, Victoria
- Coleraine RacecourseColeraine, Victoria
- Cranbourne RacecourseCranbourne, Victoria
- Dederang RacecourseDederang, Victoria
- Donald RacecourseDonald, Victoria
- Drouin Picnic RacecourseDrouin, Victoria
- Dunkeld RacecourseDunkeld, Victoria
- Echuca Harness RacingEchuca, Victoria
- Echuca RacecourseEchuca, Victoria
- Edenhope RacecourseEdenhope, Victoria
- Flemington RacecourseMelbourne, Victoria
- Geelong Harness RacingGeelong, Victoria
- Geelong RacecourseGeelong, Victoria
- Great Western RacecourseGreat Western, Victoria
- Gunbower RacecourseGunbower, Victoria
- Hamilton Harness RacingHamilton, Victoria
- Hamilton RacecourseHamilton, Victoria
- Hanging Rock RacecourseWoodend, Victoria
- Healesville RacecourseHealesville, Victoria
- Hinnomunjie RacecourseHinnomunjie (Omeo), Victoria
- Horsham Harness RacingHorsham, Victoria
- Horsham RacecourseHorsham, Victoria
- Kerang RacecourseKerang, Victoria
- Kilmore Racing ComplexKilmore, Victoria
- Kyneton RacecourseKyneton, Victoria
- Lord's RacewayBendigo, Victoria
- Manangatang RacecourseManangatang, Victoria
- Mansfield RacecourseMansfield, Victoria
- Maryborough Harness RacingMaryborough, Victoria
- Merton RacecourseMerton, Victoria
- Mildura Harness RacingMildura, Victoria
- Mildura RacecourseMildura, Victoria
- Moe RacecourseMoe, Victoria
- Moonee Valley RacecourseMelbourne, Victoria
- Mornington RacecourseMornington, Victoria
- Mortlake RacecourseMortlake, Victoria
- Murtoa RacecourseMurtoa, Victoria
- Pakenham Racecourse (Tynong)Tynong, Victoria
- Penshurst RacecoursePenshurst, Victoria
- Sale RacecourseSale, Victoria
- Sandown RacecourseSpringvale, Victoria
- Seymour RacecourseSeymour, Victoria
- Shepparton Harness RacingShepparton, Victoria
- St Arnaud RacecourseSt Arnaud, Victoria
- Stawell Harness RacingStawell, Victoria
- Stawell RacecourseStawell, Victoria
- Stony Creek RacecourseStony Creek, Victoria
- Swan Hill Harness RacingSwan Hill, Victoria
- Swan Hill RacecourseSwan Hill, Victoria
- Swifts Creek Racecourse (Tambo Valley)Swifts Creek, Victoria
- Tabcorp Park MeltonMelton, Victoria
- Tatura RacecourseTatura, Victoria
- Terang Harness RacingTerang, Victoria
- Terang RacecourseTerang, Victoria
- Towong RacecourseTowong, Victoria
- Traralgon Racecourse (Latrobe Valley)Traralgon, Victoria
- Wangaratta RacecourseWangaratta, Victoria
- Warracknabeal RacecourseWarracknabeal, Victoria
- Warragul Harness RacingWarragul, Victoria
- Warrnambool RacecourseWarrnambool, Victoria
- Wedderburn Harness Racing status unconfirmedWedderburn, Victoria
- Werribee RacecourseWerribee, Victoria
- Wodonga RacecourseWodonga, Victoria
- Woolamai RacecourseWoolamai, Victoria
- Wycheproof Racecourse status unconfirmedWycheproof, Victoria
- Yarra Valley Racing CentreYarra Glen, Victoria
- Yea RacecourseYea, Victoria
Western Australia (45)
- Albany Harness Racing status unconfirmedAlbany, Western Australia
- Albany Racecourse status unconfirmedAlbany, Western Australia
- Ascot RacecoursePerth, Western Australia
- Belmont Park RacecoursePerth, Western Australia
- Beverley Racecourse status unconfirmedBeverley, Western Australia
- Broome RacecourseBroome, Western Australia
- Bunbury Paceway (Donaldson Park)Bunbury, Western Australia
- Bunbury RacecourseBunbury, Western Australia
- Carnarvon RacecourseCarnarvon, Western Australia
- Central Wheatbelt Harness (Kellerberrin)Kellerberrin, Western Australia
- Collie Harness RacingCollie, Western Australia
- Derby RacecourseDerby, Western Australia
- Esperance RacecourseEsperance, Western Australia
- Fitzroy Crossing RacecourseFitzroy Crossing, Western Australia
- Geraldton RacecourseGeraldton, Western Australia
- Gloucester ParkPerth, Western Australia
- Halls Creek RacecourseHalls Creek, Western Australia
- Kalgoorlie-Boulder RacecourseKalgoorlie, Western Australia
- Katanning Racecourse status unconfirmedKatanning, Western Australia
- Kojonup Racecourse status unconfirmedKojonup, Western Australia
- Kununurra RacecourseKununurra, Western Australia
- Landor RacecourseLandor, Western Australia
- Lark Hill Racecourse status unconfirmedPort Kennedy, Western Australia
- Laverton RacecourseLaverton, Western Australia
- Leonora RacecourseLeonora, Western Australia
- Marble Bar RacecourseMarble Bar, Western Australia
- Moora Racecourse status unconfirmedMoora, Western Australia
- Mount Barker RacecourseMount Barker, Western Australia
- Mount Magnet RacecourseMount Magnet, Western Australia
- Narrogin Harness RacingNarrogin, Western Australia
- Narrogin RacecourseNarrogin, Western Australia
- Norseman RacecourseNorseman, Western Australia
- Northam Harness RacingNortham, Western Australia
- Northam RacecourseNortham, Western Australia
- Onslow RacecourseOnslow, Western Australia
- Pingrup Racecourse status unconfirmedPingrup, Western Australia
- Pinjarra PacewayPinjarra, Western Australia
- Pinjarra Park RacecoursePinjarra, Western Australia
- Port Hedland RacecoursePort Hedland, Western Australia
- Roebourne RacecourseRoebourne, Western Australia
- Toodyay RacecourseToodyay, Western Australia
- Wagin Harness RacingWagin, Western Australia
- Williams Harness RacingWilliams, Western Australia
- Wyndham RacecourseWyndham, Western Australia
- York RacecourseYork, Western Australia
Racing in Australia: questions
How many horse racing tracks are in Australia?
422 racecourses in Australia hold live horse racing: 363 flat, 15 jumps and 64 harness.
Which part of Australia has the most racetracks?
New South Wales, with 140 of the country’s 422 racecourses.
What are the biggest races in Australia?
Among the best known are the Melbourne Cup (Flemington Racecourse), the W. S. Cox Plate (Moonee Valley Racecourse) and the The Everest (Royal Randwick Racecourse).